How to Use Total Station in Surveying is a critical process in civil engineering, construction, and mapping projects. With the advancement of technology, traditional methods of measurement are being replaced by modern instruments that provide faster and more accurate results. Among these, the Total Station has become one of the most important tools for land surveying. It combines angle measurement, distance measurement, and data processing in a single device. For beginners, understanding how to use a total station step by step is essential to ensure accurate and reliable survey results.
What is a Total Station?
A total station is an advanced surveying instrument that integrates three components:
- Electronic Theodolite for measuring horizontal and vertical angles
- Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) device for calculating distances
- Data Processing Unit with memory storage and display for calculations and data transfer
This all-in-one instrument helps surveyors complete their work efficiently by reducing manual calculations and improving precision.
Essential Equipment Required for a Total Station Survey
Before starting, you must have the following equipment ready:
| Equipment | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Total Station Instrument | Main device for measuring angles and distances |
| Tripod Stand | To mount and stabilize the total station |
| Prism and Prism Pole | Used as a target for distance measurement |
| Data Collector or Memory Card | For storing survey data |
| Leveling Tools (Plumb Bob, Optical Plummet) | For proper centering and leveling |
Step-by-Step Tutorial on Using a Total Station
10 Steps for using total station
1. Setting Up the Tripod
- Place the tripod firmly on the ground above the survey point.
- Adjust the legs so that the head of the tripod is roughly level and at a comfortable height.
- Ensure the tripod is stable and does not move when you press lightly on it.
2. Mounting the Total Station
- Fix the total station on the tripod using the locking screw.
- Align the optical plummet or laser plummet over the survey point.
- Tighten the instrument to avoid vibrations or movement.
3. Leveling the Instrument
- Use the circular bubble (coarse leveling) to bring the instrument approximately level.
- Adjust using foot screws and center the bubble of the tubular level (fine leveling).
- Ensure precise leveling for accurate measurements.
4. Entering Job Data
- Power on the total station.
- Create a new job or project in the control panel.
- Input necessary parameters such as instrument height, prism height, and project ID.
5. Aiming at the Prism
- Sight the prism using the telescope.
- Use coarse adjustment knobs for rough aiming and fine adjustment screws for precise alignment.
- Ensure the crosshair is exactly at the center of the prism.
6. Measuring Horizontal and Vertical Angles
- Rotate the instrument horizontally to measure angles between points.
- Tilt the telescope vertically for elevation measurements.
- Read values directly from the display screen.
7. Measuring Distances
- Activate the EDM function to measure slope distance to the prism.
- The total station automatically converts slope distance into horizontal and vertical components.
- Store the measurement in the memory.
8. Recording Coordinates
- The instrument calculates and records the X, Y, Z coordinates of each surveyed point.
- Save the data for later transfer to computer software.
9. Checking and Repeating Measurements
- To reduce errors, repeat measurements for critical points.
- Use back-sight and fore-sight methods to confirm accuracy.
10. Data Storage and Transfer
- After completing the survey, save the job file.
- Transfer the data to CAD or GIS software through USB, memory card, or Bluetooth.
- Use software for further processing, mapping, and reporting.
Tips for Beginners
- Always check instrument calibration before starting the survey.
- Select stable ground for tripod placement.
- Avoid measuring during extreme weather conditions like heavy rain or heat haze.
- Back up your data frequently to avoid loss.
Advantages of Using Total Station in Surveying
- High accuracy in both angles and distances
- Faster data collection compared to traditional methods
- Digital storage reduces human error
- Integration with CAD/GIS software for efficient mapping
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Incorrect leveling of the instrument
- Not entering prism height and instrument height accurately
- Poorly placed tripod leading to unstable measurements
- Forgetting to back up field data
Conclusion
The total station is a powerful tool that has revolutionized surveying by combining precision, efficiency, and digital data management. By following the step-by-step procedure—setting up, leveling, aiming, measuring, and recording—you can achieve highly accurate survey results. For beginners, practicing these steps on-site will build confidence and expertise. As you gain experience, you will be able to handle complex projects, integrate data with design software, and deliver professional-level surveys.
FAQs
Q1. Can a total station work without a prism?
Yes, modern reflectorless total stations can measure distances without a prism, but the range is limited.
Q2. What accuracy can be expected from a total station?
Accuracy is usually within 2–5 mm depending on instrument quality and survey conditions.
Q3. How long does it take to learn total station operation?
With proper training, beginners can learn the basics within a week, but mastery requires practice.
Q4. What is the difference between a total station and a theodolite?
A theodolite measures only angles, while a total station measures both angles and distances with data processing capability.
Q5. Which software is best for total station data processing?
Commonly used software includes AutoCAD Civil 3D, ArcGIS, Leica Geo Office, and Trimble Business Center.
