In building construction, lintels are essential structural elements that provide support above openings such as doors and windows. They help bear the weight from the structure above and transfer it to the surrounding walls. This article will guide you through the definition, uses, properties, and types of lintels used in construction.
What is a Lintel?
A lintel is a horizontal beam placed over an opening in a wall to support the weight above. It spans the space between two supports, such as the sides of a door or window frame. Merriam-Webster defines a lintel as:
“A flat horizontal beam that spans the space between two supports.”
In British English, it’s also known as a “lintol.” Lintels are secondary structural elements used in various building openings like doors, windows, fireplaces, etc.
Lintel Construction Materials
Different materials can be used to construct lintels depending on availability, cost, and structural needs. Common materials include:
- Reinforced cement concrete (RCC)
- Stone
- Wood/Timber
- Bamboo
- Steel
Uses of Lintels
The primary function of a lintel is to support the weight above an opening and transfer the load to the adjacent walls. Here are its key uses:
- Supporting weight: It bears the load from the wall above openings like doors and windows.
- Safety: Acts as a safeguard for windows and doors by providing stability.
- Masonry structures: In masonry, continuous lintels help against lateral forces such as wind or earthquakes.
- Chimneys: Lintels can support the structure above fireplaces.
- Canopy support: Used to hold canopy structures.
- Architectural appeal: Decorative lintels can enhance the beauty of a building’s architecture.
Properties of a Lintel
Lintels have specific properties that make them vital for construction:
- They typically end in the masonry wall, and sometimes in columns.
- A minimum bearing length of 100 mm is required on each end.
- Lintels transfer the weight they bear to the masonry walls.
- The width of a lintel is usually the same as the supporting wall.
- They can serve as decorative architectural elements.
Construction Guidelines for Lintels
Lintels must follow certain design codes. Here are general guidelines for lintel construction:
- Minimum bearing length: 100 mm on each end.
- Span: Should not exceed 3.5 meters for openings.
- Reinforcement: All concrete lintels must be reinforced.
- Reinforcement extension: The bars should extend 600 mm beyond the edge of the opening for added support.
Types of Lintels
Depending on the material and construction method, lintels are classified into six main types. Each has its own set of advantages and is suited for different kinds of buildings and structural needs.
| Type | Material | Features |
|---|---|---|
| Timber Lintel | Wood | Used in hilly areas, less durable, vulnerable to fire and rot. |
| Stone Lintel | Stone | Strong and durable, high cost, used in stone masonry buildings. |
| Reinforced Concrete | RCC | Strong, durable, adaptable, and fire-resistant, used in modern construction. |
| Brick Lintel | Bricks | Suitable for small openings, cost-effective, used with lightweight structures. |
| Reinforced Brick | Bricks + Steel | Reinforced with steel bars for heavier loads, used for wider spans. |
| Steel Lintel | Steel beams | Strong, durable, lightweight, and used for large openings with heavy loads. |
1. Timber Lintel
Timber or wooden lintels are among the oldest types of lintels, often used in areas where wood is abundant. However, they are less durable and susceptible to fire and rotting. Today, they are rarely used in modern construction due to the availability of better materials.
2. Stone Lintel
Stone lintels are typically used in stone masonry structures. These are heavy and strong but come with challenges like high cost and transportation difficulties. They are mainly used in mountainous areas or regions where stone is readily available.
3. Reinforced Concrete Lintel
Reinforced concrete lintels (RCC) are the most commonly used lintels in modern construction. They are strong, durable, and resistant to fire. They can be either precast or cast in situ. RCC lintels are ideal for larger openings and heavy loads.
4. Brick Lintel
Brick lintels are made from well-burnt, first-class bricks. They are used for small openings (less than 1 meter) with light loadings. Brick lintels are economical and easy to construct but not suitable for large spans.
5. Reinforced Brick Lintel
Reinforced brick lintels are stronger than regular brick lintels, as they include steel reinforcements. They are used for openings where heavy loads are expected, and the span is larger than 1 meter.
6. Steel Lintel
Steel lintels are preferred in structures where large spans or heavy loads are required. They consist of rolled steel joists or channel sections and are lightweight, durable, and easy to install. Steel lintels are often used in commercial and industrial buildings.
FAQs
What is the difference between a lintel and a beam?
A lintel supports the load above wall openings and transfers it to the walls, whereas a beam supports dead and live loads from the slab and transfers the loads to supporting columns.
Do you need a lintel above a window?
Yes, lintels are essential above windows to support the wall above and prevent damage to the window frame.
What is a garage door lintel?
A lintel above a garage door helps bear the weight of the wall above the door and prevents structural issues. Garage door lintel replacement is typically required only if the door or lintel is damaged.
This article provides a comprehensive guide to lintels, covering their definition, types, uses, and construction properties. It’s essential to choose the right lintel type based on the material, structural load, and architectural needs of your project.
