What Is Roads? Types, Purpose, And Features

Roads are the lifelines of modern infrastructure, connecting people, places, and industries. They play a crucial role in economic growth, enabling efficient transportation of goods and services. However, not all roads serve the same purpose or are built the same way.

To meet diverse needs, roads are classified based on factors like usage, material, and location. This classification helps engineers, planners, and policymakers design and maintain road networks effectively.

In this article, we’ll explore the different types of roads, their unique characteristics, and their role in creating a well-connected world. Whether you’re a student, a professional, or just curious about infrastructure, this guide will help you understand roads better.

Types of Roads Based on Function

Roads are classified based on their functionality to ensure efficient transportation and connectivity. Here are the key types:


1. National Highways (NH)

Purpose: Connect major cities, states, and regions across the country. Serve as the backbone of long-distance transportation.

Features: Designed for heavy and fast-moving traffic. Managed by central government agencies (e.g., NHAI in India).

Examples: Delhi-Mumbai Expressway, NH-44 (India’s longest highway).

2. State Highways (SH)

Purpose: Connect state capitals, district headquarters, and important cities within a state.

Features: Managed by state governments. Serve as feeder routes to national highways.

Examples: SH-49 (East Coast Road in Tamil Nadu, India).

3. District Roads

1. Major District Roads (MDR): Link district headquarters to major areas within the district or state highways.

2. Other District Roads (ODR): Connect rural areas to major district roads or nearby

4. Rural Roads (Village Roads)

Purpose: Provide basic connectivity to remote villages and agricultural regions.

Features: Usually unpaved or low-standard roads. Essential for rural development and accessibility.

5. Urban Roads

Arterial Roads: Major city roads designed for high-speed traffic.

Sub-Arterial Roads: Secondary routes to distribute traffic from arterial roads.

Collector Roads: Collect traffic from local streets and direct it to arterial roads.

Local Streets: Roads providing direct access to residences or businesses.

6. Other Functional Types

Expressways: High-speed roads with controlled access, designed for uninterrupted traffic flow.

Feeder Roads: Connect smaller areas to main highways or expressways.

Industrial Roads: Serve industrial areas for transporting goods and heavy vehicles.

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